Marketing

  

Marketing refers to a process which helps in identifying and understanding the customers and giving them their needs. It is created by companies to have a strong relationship between the customers and gain profits from the customers. It's main purpose is to identify, satisfy and keep the customer. With marketing process a business can run smoothly and companies will make profit. If the marketing process is effective then it results to examining every aspects of  business and way it affects the customer's and experience. Marketing in today's business world has an massive effect. A business runs in failure without the marketing. It has become a key to success for business.  

Uses Of Computer

Computer has brought a drastic change in human life. It have become indispensable in today's world. Here are some uses of computer.

•  Word Processing-Word Processing software automatically corrects spelling and grammar mistakes. If the content of a document repeats, you don't have to type it each time. You can use the copy and paste features. you can print documents and make several copies.  
• Internet- It is a network of almost all the computers in the world. You can browse through much more information than you could do in a library. That is because computers can store enormous amount of information. Though E-Mail you can communicate with a person sitting thousands of miles away in a few seconds. Chat software enables one to chat with another on a real-time basis. Video conferencing tolls are becoming readily available to common man.
• Medicine- You can diagnose disease. You can learn the cures. Software is used in magnetic resonance imaging to examine the internal organs of the human body.
• Banks- All financial transactions are done by computer software. They provide security, speed and convenience.
• Telecommunication- Software is widely used here. Also all mobile phones have software embedded in them.
• Business- Shops and supermarkets use software, which calculate the bills. Taxes can be calculated and paid online. There are fully automated factories running on software.
• Planning and Scheduling - Software can be used to store contact information, generating plans, scheduling appointments and deadlines.

                                                               Computer History

Disadvantages Of Computer

 Every great invention has a negative impact, so we should be careful about it. Here are some  disadvantages of computer:

• Computers can make the mind lazy. You get used to not reading a book, or researching something at library.
• Spending too much time playing  online games or chatting over the computer instead of reading books, doing homework.
• It takes one away from socializing with others in person.
• Being on a computer also harms our eyes and create other physical problems.
• Being on a computer too much can also lead to anti social behavior and depression.

Importance Of Computer

In today's world computer has a vital role. Almost everything is done by computer nowadays. So, we need to learn about computer. With the knowledge of computer we can also built our career. With the help of computer people are earning millions and billions of dollars. Bill Gates, the worlds richest man has become rich because of computer. Computer helps children to learn faster rather than the text books.

History of computer

The first use of word "computer" was recorded in 1613, referring to a person who carried out calculations, or computations, and the word continued with the same meaning until the middle 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning a machine that carries out computations.

                    Charles Babbage developed the first analytical engine in 1812. This machine had the concept of modern computer namely memory, arithmetic unit and capacity to handle stored programme. But this machine could not be put into practical applications due to technologies limitations that time.
                       The history of modern computer begins with two separate technologies, automated calculation and programmability, but no single device can be identified as the earliest computer, partly because of the inconsistent application of them. A few devices are worth successful and survived for centuries until the advent of the electronic calculator, like the Sumerian abacus, design around 2500 BC of which a descendant won a speed competition against a modern desk calculating machine in japan in 1946, the slide rules, invented in the 1620s, which were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon and arguably the astrolabe and the Antikythera mechanismn an ancient astronomical computer built by the Greeks around 80 BC. The Greek mathematician Hero of Alexandria (c. 10-70 AD) built a mechanical theater which performed a play lasting 10 minutes and was operated by a complex system of ropes and drums that might be considered to be a means of deciding which parts of the mechanism performed which actions and when. This is the essence of programmability.

Third Generation Computer(1960s)

IBM System/360

The invention of the integrated circuits (ICs), also known as microchips, paved the way for computers as we know them today. Making circuits out of single pieces of silicon, which is a semiconductor, allowed them to be much smaller and more practical to produce. This also started the ongoing process of integrating an even large number of transistor onto a single microchip. During the sixties microchips started making their way into computers, but the process was gradual, and second generation of computers still held on.
                   First appeared minicomputers, first of which were still based on non-microchip transistor, and later versions of which were hybrids, being based on both transistor and microchips, such as IBM's System/360. They were much smaller and cheaper than first and second generation of computers, also known as mainframes. Minicomputers can be seen as a bridge between mainframes and microcomputers, which came later as the proliferation of microchips in computers grew.

Second Generation Computers (1955-1960)

IBM 1401, National Computer Center,
Kathmandu, Nepal

The second generation of computers came about thanks to the invention of the transistor, which then started replacing vacuum tubes in computer design. Transistor computers consumed far less power, produced far less heat, and were much smaller compared to the first generation, albeit still big by today's standards.
         The first transistor computer was created at the University of  Manchester in 1953. The most popular of transistor computers was IBM 1401. IBM also created the first drive in 1956, the IBM 350 RAMAC.

Introduction

The scientific knowledge of today's people is very wide and advance.It has helped to invent and discover many things for ease and comfort.Computer is the latest and brilliant child of science.

      It is a general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operation.Since a sequence of operation can be readily changed, the computer can solve more than any kind of problem.The invention of computer has changed the way we do work.It has brought drastic change in education system,business,entertainment,etc.

Fourth Generation Computers(1971-present)

Apple macintosh

Fourth Generation of computers are the modern day computers. The size started to go down with the improvement in the integrated circuits. Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) ensured that millions of components could be fit into a small chip. It reduces the size and price of the computers at the same time increasing power, efficiency and reliability. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, took the integrated circuits one step further by locating all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input and output controls) on a minuscule chip.
        Due to the reduction of cost and availability of the the computers power at a small place allowed everyday user to benefit. First came the minicomputers, which offered users different applications, most famous of these the word processors and spreadsheets, which could be used by non-technical users. Video game systems like Atari 2600 generated the interest of people in computers.
       In 1981, IBM introduced personal computers for home and office use. The number of personal computers in use more than doubled from 2 million in 1981 to 5.5 million in 1982. Ten years later 65 million PCs were being used. Computer size kept getting reduced during the years. It went down from Desktop to laptops. Machintosh introduced Graphic User Interface in which the user didn't have to type instructions but could use  Mouse for purpose.
         The continued improvement allowed the networking of computers for the sharing of data. Local Area Networking(LAN) and Wide Area Network(WAN),  were potential benefits, in that they could be implemented in corporations and every could share data over it. Soon the internet and World Wide Web (WWW) appeared on the computers scene and fermented the Hi-Tech revolution of 90's.

First Generation Computers(1940s-1950s)

ENIAC

First electronic computer used vacuum tubes, and they were huge and complex. The first general purpose electronic computer was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer). It was digital, although it didn't operate with binary code, and was reprogrammable to solve a complete range of computing problems. It was programmed using plugboards and switches, supporting input from an IBM card reader, and output to an IBM card punch. It took up 167 square meters, weighed 27 tons, and consuming 150 kilowatts of power. It used thousands of vacuum tubes, crystals diodes, relays, resistors, and capacitors.
       The first non-general purpose computer was ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer), and other similar computer of this era include german Z3, ten British Colossus computers, LEO, Harvard Mark I, and UNIVAC.